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<title>Platoon system</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Platoon system</span></span>

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A <b>platoon system</b> in <a href="Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> or <a href="American_football" title="American football">American football</a> is a method for substituting players in groups (platoons), to keep complementary players together during playing time.

</p><p>In baseball, it is usually used to optimize batting performance against pitchers of opposite <a href="Handedness" title="Handedness">handedness</a>. Right-handed batters generally perform better against left-handed pitchers and vice versa. Despite some resistance from players who prefer consistent play time, this strategy has been effectively used by managers like <a href="Casey_Stengel" title="Casey Stengel">Casey Stengel</a> of the <a href="New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a> to win multiple <a href="World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> championships.

</p><p>In American football, the term "<a href="Two-platoon_system" title="Two-platoon system">two-platoon system</a>" refers to the practice of using different players on offense, defense, and <a href="Special_teams_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special teams (American football)">special teams</a>. Additionally, "platooning quarterbacks" is a tactic where two <a href="Quarterback" title="Quarterback">quarterbacks</a> with different skill sets are used alternately to maximize offensive potential and variability. This requires the defensive team to prepare for two types of quarterbacks, but it's less common in higher echelons of football due to the potential for "quarterback controversies".

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baseball">Baseball</h2></div>

<p>In baseball, a platoon is a method of sharing playing time, where two players are selected to play a single defensive position. Usually, one platoon player is right-handed and the other is left-handed. Typically the right-handed half of the platoon is played on days when the opposing starting pitcher is left-handed and the left-handed player is played otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-inventing_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inventing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory behind this is that generally players hit better against their opposite-handed counterparts, and that in some cases the difference is extreme enough to warrant complementing the player with one of opposite handedness.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategy">Strategy</h3></div>

<p>Right-handed batters have an advantage against left-handed pitchers and left-handed batters benefit from facing right-handed pitchers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because a right-handed pitcher's <a href="Curveball" title="Curveball">curveball</a> breaks to the left, from his own point of view, which causes it to cross the plate with its lateral movement away from a right-handed batter but towards a left-handed batter (and vice versa for a left-handed pitcher), and because batters generally find it easier to hit a ball that is over the plate.<sup id="cite_ref-inventing_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inventing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, since most pitchers are right-handed, left-handed batters generally have less experience with left-handed pitchers.<sup id="cite_ref-redsox_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redsox-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A left-handed pitcher may also be brought in to face a <a href="Switch-hitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Switch-hitter">switch-hitter</a> who generally bats left-handed, forcing the batter to shift to his less-effective right-handed stance or to take the disadvantages of batting left-handed against a left-handed pitcher.

</p><p>Platooning can be viewed negatively. Players prefer to play every day,<sup id="cite_ref-redsox_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redsox-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and managers, including <a href="Walter_Alston" title="Walter Alston">Walter Alston</a>, feared that sharing playing time could decrease confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Mookie_Wilson" title="Mookie Wilson">Mookie Wilson</a> of the <a href="New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York Mets</a> requested a trade in 1988 after serving in a platoon for three seasons with <a href="Lenny_Dykstra" title="Lenny Dykstra">Lenny Dykstra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div>

<p>The advantage to alternating hitters based on handedness was known from the early days of baseball. <a href="Bob_Ferguson_(infielder)" title="Bob Ferguson (infielder)">Bob Ferguson</a>, in 1871, became baseball's first <a href="Switch_hitter" title="Switch hitter">switch hitter</a>, allowing him to bat left-handed against right-handed pitchers, and right-handed against left-handed pitchers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded platoon took place in 1887, when the <a href="St._Louis_Maroons/Indianapolis_Hoosiers" title="St. Louis Maroons/Indianapolis Hoosiers">Indianapolis Hoosiers</a> briefly paired the right-handed <a href="Gid_Gardner" title="Gid Gardner">Gid Gardner</a> and left-handed <a href="Tom_Brown_(center_fielder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Brown (center fielder)">Tom Brown</a> in <a href="Center_fielder" title="Center fielder">center field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-historical_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historical-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1906, the <a href="Detroit_Tigers" title="Detroit Tigers">Detroit Tigers</a> alternated <a href="Boss_Schmidt" title="Boss Schmidt">Boss Schmidt</a>, <a href="Jack_Warner_(catcher)" title="Jack Warner (catcher)">Jack Warner</a>, and <a href="Fred_Payne_(baseball)" title="Fred Payne (baseball)">Freddie Payne</a> at <a href="Catcher" title="Catcher">catcher</a> for the entire season.<sup id="cite_ref-book595_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book595-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="Manager_(baseball)" title="Manager (baseball)">manager</a> of the <a href="Boston_Braves_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Braves (baseball)">Boston Braves</a>, <a href="George_Stallings" title="George Stallings">George Stallings</a> employed platoons during the <a href="1914_Boston_Braves_season" title="1914 Boston Braves season">1914 season</a>, which helped the "Miracle" Braves win the <a href="1914_World_Series" title="1914 World Series">1914 World Series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-here_to_stay_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-here_to_stay-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No Braves <a href="Outfielder" title="Outfielder">outfielder</a> reached 400 <a href="At-bat" class="mw-redirect" title="At-bat">at-bats</a> during the 1914 season.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934 and 1935, <a href="Detroit_Tigers" title="Detroit Tigers">Detroit Tigers</a>' <a href="Manager_(baseball)" title="Manager (baseball)">manager</a> <a href="Mickey_Cochrane" title="Mickey Cochrane">Mickey Cochrane</a> routinely platooned <a href="Gee_Walker" title="Gee Walker">Gee Walker</a>, a right-handed batter, to spell center fielder <a href="Jo-Jo_White" title="Jo-Jo White">Jo-Jo White</a>, a left-handed batter. Cochrane, a left-handed batter, also platooned himself behind the plate with <a href="Ray_Hayworth" title="Ray Hayworth">Ray Hayworth</a>, a right-handed batter. Also in the 1930s, <a href="Bill_Terry" title="Bill Terry">Bill Terry</a> of the <a href="New_York_Giants_(NL)" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Giants (NL)">New York Giants</a> platooned center fielders <a href="Hank_Leiber" title="Hank Leiber">Hank Leiber</a> and <a href="Jimmy_Ripple" title="Jimmy Ripple">Jimmy Ripple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-inventing_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inventing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The approach was seldom used in the 1930s,<sup id="cite_ref-book595_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book595-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="Casey_Stengel" title="Casey Stengel">Casey Stengel</a>, managing the Braves, platooned <a href="Third_basemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Third basemen">third basemen</a> <a href="Debs_Garms" title="Debs Garms">Debs Garms</a> and <a href="Joe_Stripp" title="Joe Stripp">Joe Stripp</a> in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-inventing_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inventing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stengel himself had been platooned as a player by managers <a href="John_McGraw" title="John McGraw">John McGraw</a> and <a href="Wilbert_Robinson" title="Wilbert Robinson">Wilbert Robinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-here_to_stay_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-here_to_stay-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garms won the <a href="National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a>'s <a href="List_of_Major_League_Baseball_batting_champions" title="List of Major League Baseball batting champions">batting title</a> in 1940 with the <a href="Pittsburgh_Pirates" title="Pittsburgh Pirates">Pittsburgh Pirates</a> as a part-time player under <a href="Frankie_Frisch" title="Frankie Frisch">Frankie Frisch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-inventing_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inventing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Terms for this strategy included "double-batting shift, "switch-around players", and "reversible outfield". <a href="Tris_Speaker" title="Tris Speaker">Tris Speaker</a> referred to his strategy as the "triple shift", because he employed it at three positions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "platoon" was coined in the late 1940s. Stengel, now managing the <a href="New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a>, became a well known proponent of the platoon system,<sup id="cite_ref-casey_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casey-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and won five consecutive <a href="World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> championships from 1949 through 1953 using the strategy. Stengel platooned <a href="Bobby_Brown_(third_baseman)" title="Bobby Brown (third baseman)">Bobby Brown</a>, <a href="Billy_Johnson_(baseball)" title="Billy Johnson (baseball)">Billy Johnson</a>, and <a href="Gil_McDougald" title="Gil McDougald">Gil McDougald</a> at third base, <a href="Joe_Collins" title="Joe Collins">Joe Collins</a> and <a href="Moose_Skowron" class="mw-redirect" title="Moose Skowron">Moose Skowron</a> at <a href="First_base" class="mw-redirect" title="First base">first base</a>, and <a href="Hank_Bauer" title="Hank Bauer">Hank Bauer</a> and <a href="Gene_Woodling" title="Gene Woodling">Gene Woodling</a> in <a href="Left_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Left field">left field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-inventing_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inventing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harold Rosenthal, writing for the <i><a href="New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i>, referred to Stengel's strategy as a "platoon", after the <a href="American_football" title="American football">American football</a> <a href="One-platoon_system" title="One-platoon system">concept</a>, and it came to be known as "two-platooning".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Following Stengel's success, other teams began implementing their own platoons.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1970s through early 1980s, <a href="Baltimore_Orioles" title="Baltimore Orioles">Baltimore Orioles</a> manager <a href="Earl_Weaver" title="Earl Weaver">Earl Weaver</a> successfully employed a platoon in left field, using <a href="John_Lowenstein" title="John Lowenstein">John Lowenstein</a>, <a href="Benny_Ayala" title="Benny Ayala">Benny Ayala</a>, and <a href="Gary_Roenicke" title="Gary Roenicke">Gary Roenicke</a>, using whichever player was performing the best at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weaver also considered other factors, including the opposing pitcher's <a href="Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a>, and his batters' ability in hitting a <a href="Fastball" title="Fastball">fastball</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-here_to_stay_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-here_to_stay-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orioles continued to platoon at catcher and all three outfield positions in 1983 under <a href="Joe_Altobelli" title="Joe Altobelli">Joe Altobelli</a>, as the Orioles won the <a href="1983_World_Series" title="1983 World Series">1983 World Series</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading other teams to pursue the strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>"I'd rather be playing every day, but playing every day in the <a href="Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">minor leagues</a> is not nearly as pleasant as platooning in the big leagues."

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<div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""> – <a href="Brian_Daubach" title="Brian Daubach">Brian Daubach</a><sup id="cite_ref-redsox_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redsox-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div>

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<p>Platooning decreased in frequency from the late 1980s through the 1990s, as teams expanded their <a href="Bullpen" title="Bullpen">bullpens</a> to nullify platoon advantages for hitters.<sup id="cite_ref-historical_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historical-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the use of platoons has increased in recent years. As teams increase their analysis of data, they attempt to put batters and pitchers in situations where they are more likely to succeed. Generally, small market teams, which cannot afford to sign the league's best players to market-value contracts, are most likely to employ platoons. Under manager <a href="Bob_Melvin" title="Bob Melvin">Bob Melvin</a>, the Athletics have employed many platoons,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="Josh_Reddick" title="Josh Reddick">Josh Reddick</a> calling Melvin the "king of platoons".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Joe_Maddon" title="Joe Maddon">Joe Maddon</a> began to employ platoons as manager of the <a href="Tampa_Bay_Rays" title="Tampa Bay Rays">Tampa Bay Rays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="2013_World_Series" title="2013 World Series">2013 World Series</a> champion <a href="Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a> platooned <a href="Jonny_Gomes" title="Jonny Gomes">Jonny Gomes</a> and <a href="Daniel_Nava" title="Daniel Nava">Daniel Nava</a> in left field.<sup id="cite_ref-here_to_stay_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-here_to_stay-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 2013 season, left-handed <a href="Relief_pitcher" title="Relief pitcher">relief pitchers</a> <a href="Boone_Logan" title="Boone Logan">Boone Logan</a> and <a href="Javier_L%C3%B3pez_(baseball)" title="Javier López (baseball)">Javier López</a>, both considered <a href="Left-handed_specialist" title="Left-handed specialist">left-handed specialists</a> because of their ability to limit the effectiveness of left-handed batters, signed multimillion-dollar contracts as <a href="Free_agent" title="Free agent">free agents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_football">American football</h2></div>

<p>The term "<a href="Two-platoon_system" title="Two-platoon system">two-platoon system</a>", in contrast with the "<a href="One-platoon_system" title="One-platoon system">one-platoon system</a>", was once used for the practice, universal today at all levels of football, of using mostly or entirely different players on offense, defense, and <a href="Special_teams" class="mw-redirect" title="Special teams">special teams</a>.

</p><p>When a football team uses two or more <a href="Quarterback" title="Quarterback">quarterbacks</a> to run their offense, rather than the traditional one, it is known as "platooning quarterbacks". This tactic is less common the higher the echelons of American football, as <a href="High_school_football" title="High school football">high school</a> teams are more likely to do it than <a href="National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> teams, for example.

</p><p>Quarterbacks may be switched in and out of the game at every play, every drive, every quarter, depending on certain situations. If quarterbacks are switched on a game-to-game basis, it is not platooning, it is known as a "quarterback controversy", or a simple "benching".

</p><p>Using two different quarterbacks allows an offensive team to use players with different skill sets. One common reason teams platoon quarterbacks is because one player is a good passer and the other a good runner, for example <a href="Stanley_Jackson_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Jackson (American football)">Stanley Jackson</a> and <a href="Joe_Germaine" title="Joe Germaine">Joe Germaine</a> of the <a href="1997_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team" title="1997 Ohio State Buckeyes football team">1997 Ohio State Buckeyes.</a> Defensive teams, therefore, must prepare for two types of quarterback. It also allows offenses teams to run a greater variety of plays.

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<ul><li><a href="One-platoon_system" title="One-platoon system">One-platoon system</a> (American football)</li>

<li><a href="Two-platoon_system" title="Two-platoon system">Two-platoon system</a> (American football)</li>

<li><a href="Lefty-righty_switch" title="Lefty-righty switch">Lefty-righty switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Resting_the_starters" title="Resting the starters">Resting the starters</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Bingham1961" class="citation web cs1">Walter Bingham (September 18, 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222054530/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1072996/index.htm">"A season of struggling to win with percentage baseball is – 09.18.61 – SI Vault"</a>. Sportsillustrated.cnn.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1072996/index.htm">the original</a> on February 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=860&dat=19880301&id=8CdVAAAAIBAJ&pg=5245,6225102">"Baseball roundup: Mookie Wilson asks for trade"</a>. <i>The Daily Record</i>. Ellensburg, Washington. <a href="United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. March 1, 1988. p. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-book595-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book595_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book595_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James, p. 595</span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/1caa4821">"George Stallings"</a>. <a href="Society_for_American_Baseball_Research" title="Society for American Baseball Research">Society for American Baseball Research</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19500428&id=qCojAAAAIBAJ&pg=6799,6229287">"'Two Platoon' Idea Getting a Foothold in Major Leagues"</a>. <i>The Milwaukee Journal</i>. Associated Press. April 28, 1950. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Wulf1982" class="citation web cs1">Steve Wulf (July 12, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://si.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1125688/index.htm">"The Orioles' three-player platoon in leftfield has been a – 07.12.82 – SI Vault"</a>. Si.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1979&dat=19831015&id=LFwlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1807,8205995">"Orioles down Philadelphia in 5: Platoon system lifts Baltimore past Phillies in World Series"</a>. <i>The Sumter Daily Item</i>. Associated Press. October 17, 1983. p. 1B<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHertzel1984" class="citation news cs1">Hertzel, Bob (March 13, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19840313&id=opEcAAAAIBAJ&pg=5380,7550154">"Tanner apt to platoon outfielders"</a>. <i>The Pittsburgh Press</i>. p. D2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221012104/http://oakland.athletics.mlb.com/news/article/oak/as-trio-of-catchers-marching-to-success-in-platoon-system?ymd=20140117&content_id=66792000">"A's trio of catchers marching to success in platoon system"</a>. Oakland.athletics.mlb.com. January 17, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oakland.athletics.mlb.com/news/article/oak/as-trio-of-catchers-marching-to-success-in-platoon-system?ymd=20140117&content_id=66792000">the original</a> on February 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20130314&content_id=42764170&vkey=news_mlb&c_id=mlb">"Anthony Castrovince: 'King of platoons' Bob Melvin back at it in Oakland | MLB.com: News"</a>. Mlb.mlb.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFtampabaycom2008" class="citation web cs1">tampabaycom (August 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221172520/http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/rays/content/rays-platoon-hinske-ruggiano-left/2075017">"Rays to platoon Hinske, Ruggiano in left"</a>. Tampabay.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/rays/content/rays-platoon-hinske-ruggiano-left/2075017">the original</a> on February 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221134452/http://www.tampabay.com/sports/baseball/rays/tampa-bay-rays-manager-joe-maddon-sticks-with-platoon-advantage-against/1127530">"Tampa Bay Rays manager Joe Maddon sticks with platoon advantage against Rangers ace Cliff Lee"</a>. Tampabay.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tampabay.com/sports/baseball/rays/tampa-bay-rays-manager-joe-maddon-sticks-with-platoon-advantage-against/1127530">the original</a> on February 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEddy2014" class="citation web cs1">Eddy, Matt (March 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baseballamerica.com/majors/teams-ongoing-quest-to-gain-platoon-advantage-takes-a-left-turn/">"The Quest To Gain Platoon Advantage Takes A Left Turn"</a>. <i>Baseball America</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Baseball_and_softball_concepts823" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> and <a href="Softball" title="Softball">softball</a> concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="Outline_of_baseball" title="Outline of baseball">Outline</a></b> · <b><a href="Glossary_of_baseball_terms" title="Glossary of baseball terms">Glossary</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Baseball_rules" title="Baseball rules">Baseball rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cheating_in_baseball" title="Cheating in baseball">Cheating</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_baseball_and_softball" title="Comparison of baseball and softball">Comparison of baseball and softball</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fastpitch_softball" title="Fastpitch softball">fastpitch softball</a></li>

<li><a href="16-inch_softball" title="16-inch softball">16-inch softball</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ejection_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejection (baseball)">Ejections</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground_rules" title="Ground rules">Ground rules</a></li>

<li><a href="Infield_fly_rule" title="Infield fly rule">Infield fly rule</a></li>

<li><a href="In_flight" title="In flight">In flight</a></li>

<li><a href="Interference_(baseball)" title="Interference (baseball)">Interference</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitch_clock" title="Pitch clock">Pitch clock</a></li>

<li><a href="Protested_game" title="Protested game">Protested game</a></li>

<li><a href="Strike_zone" title="Strike zone">Strike zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Suspended_game" title="Suspended game">Suspended game</a></li>

<li><a href="Unwritten_rules_of_baseball" title="Unwritten rules of baseball">Unwritten rules</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ballpark" title="Ballpark">Ballpark</a>/<a href="Baseball_field" title="Baseball field">field</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Backstop_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backstop (baseball)">Backstop</a></li>

<li><a href="Baseball_field" title="Baseball field">Baseball diamond</a></li>

<li><a href="Batter's_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Batter's box">Batter's box</a></li>

<li><a href="Batter's_eye" title="Batter's eye">Batter's eye</a></li>

<li><a href="Bullpen" title="Bullpen">Bullpen</a></li>

<li><a href="Dugout_(baseball)" title="Dugout (baseball)">Dugout</a></li>

<li><a href="Foul_ball" title="Foul ball">Foul territory</a></li>

<li><a href="Infield" title="Infield">Infield</a></li>

<li><a href="On-deck" title="On-deck">On-deck circle</a></li>

<li><a href="Outfield" title="Outfield">Outfield</a></li>

<li><a href="Warning_track" title="Warning track">Warning track</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Baseball_clothing_and_equipment" title="Baseball clothing and equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Batting_cage" title="Batting cage">Batting cage</a></li>

<li><a href="Batting_glove" title="Batting glove">Batting glove</a></li>

<li><a href="Batting_helmet" title="Batting helmet">Batting helmet</a></li>

<li><a href="Baseball_doughnut" title="Baseball doughnut">Doughnut</a></li>

<li><a href="Baseball_glove" title="Baseball glove">Glove (defense)</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitching_machine" title="Pitching machine">Pitching machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Jockstrap#Protective_cup" title="Jockstrap">Protective cup</a></li>

<li><a href="Shin_guard" title="Shin guard">Shin guard</a></li>

<li><a href="Baseball_stirrups" title="Baseball stirrups">Stirrups</a></li>

<li><a href="Baseball_uniform" title="Baseball uniform">Uniform</a></li>

<li><a href="Uniform_number_(Major_League_Baseball)" title="Uniform number (Major League Baseball)">Uniform number</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Batting_order_(baseball)" title="Batting order (baseball)">Batting order</a></li>

<li><a href="Inning" title="Inning">Innings</a>

<ul><li><a href="Extra_innings" title="Extra innings">extra innings</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baseball_positions" title="Baseball positions">Positions</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Batting_(baseball)" title="Batting (baseball)">Batting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Baltimore_chop" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore chop">Baltimore chop</a></li>

<li><a href="Batted_ball" title="Batted ball">Batted ball</a></li>

<li><a href="Count_(baseball)" title="Count (baseball)">Batting count</a></li>

<li><a href="Batting_out_of_turn" title="Batting out of turn">Batting out of order</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Sacrifice_bunt" title="Sacrifice bunt">sacrifice bunt</a></li>

<li><a href="Squeeze_play_(baseball)" title="Squeeze play (baseball)">squeeze play</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Charging_the_mound" title="Charging the mound">Charging the mound</a></li>

<li><a href="Checked_swing" title="Checked swing">Checked swing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cleanup_hitter" title="Cleanup hitter">Cleanup hitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Contact_hitter" title="Contact hitter">Contact hitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Designated_hitter" title="Designated hitter">Designated hitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_(baseball)" title="Double (baseball)">Double</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_switch_(baseball)" title="Double switch (baseball)">Double switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Golden_sombrero" title="Golden sombrero">Golden sombrero</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground_rule_double" title="Ground rule double">Ground rule double</a></li>

<li><a href="Hat-trick#Baseball" title="Hat-trick">Hat trick</a></li>

<li><a href="Hit_by_pitch" title="Hit by pitch">Hit by pitch</a></li>

<li><a href="Hitting_for_the_cycle" title="Hitting for the cycle">Hitting for the cycle</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Grand_slam_(baseball)" title="Grand slam (baseball)">Grand slam</a></li>

<li><a href="Inside-the-park_home_run" title="Inside-the-park home run">Inside-the-park</a></li>

<li><a href="Moonshot_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonshot (baseball)">Moonshot</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_home_run" title="Chinese home run">Chinese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Infield_hit" class="mw-redirect" title="Infield hit">Infield hit</a></li>

<li><a href="Leadoff_hitter" title="Leadoff hitter">Leadoff hitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Lefty-righty_switch" title="Lefty-righty switch">Lefty-righty switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Line_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Line drive">Line drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Mendoza_Line" title="Mendoza Line">Mendoza Line</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinch_hitter" title="Pinch hitter">Pinch hitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Plate_appearance" title="Plate appearance">Plate appearance</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_hitter" title="Power hitter">Power hitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pull_hitter" title="Pull hitter">Pull hitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrifice_fly" title="Sacrifice fly">Sacrifice fly</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_(baseball)" title="Single (baseball)">Single</a></li>

<li><a href="Strikeout" title="Strikeout">Strikeout</a></li>

<li><a href="Strike_zone" title="Strike zone">Strike zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Sweet_spot_(sports)#Baseball" title="Sweet spot (sports)">Sweet spot</a></li>

<li><a href="Switch_hitter" title="Switch hitter">Switch hitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Triple_(baseball)" title="Triple (baseball)">Triple</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pitch_(baseball)" title="Pitch (baseball)">Pitching</a><br><a href="Pitch_(softball)" title="Pitch (softball)">(softball)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Beanball" title="Beanball">Beanball</a></li>

<li><a href="Breaking_ball" title="Breaking ball">Breaking ball</a></li>

<li><a href="Brushback_pitch" title="Brushback pitch">Brushback pitch</a></li>

<li><a href="Changeup" title="Changeup">Changeup</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vulcan_changeup" title="Vulcan changeup">Vulcan changeup</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Curveball" title="Curveball">Curveball</a></li>

<li><a href="Eephus_pitch" title="Eephus pitch">Eephus</a></li>

<li><a href="Emery_ball" title="Emery ball">Emery ball</a></li>

<li><a href="Fastball" title="Fastball">Fastball</a>

<li><a href="Cut_fastball" title="Cut fastball">cutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinker_(pitch)" title="Sinker (pitch)">sinker</a></li>

<li><a href="Split-finger_fastball" title="Split-finger fastball">split-finger</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Full_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Full count">Full count</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Major_League_Baseball_pitchers_who_have_thrown_an_immaculate_inning" title="List of Major League Baseball pitchers who have thrown an immaculate inning">Immaculate inning</a></li>

<li><a href="Inside_pitching" title="Inside pitching">Inside pitching</a></li>

<li><a href="Intentional_balk" title="Intentional balk">Intentional balk</a></li>

<li><a href="Intentional_base_on_balls" title="Intentional base on balls">Intentional walk</a></li>

<li><a href="Knuckleball" title="Knuckleball">Knuckleball</a></li>

<li><a href="Maddux_(statistic)" title="Maddux (statistic)">Maddux</a></li>

<li><a href="No-hitter" title="No-hitter">No-hitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Perfect_game_(baseball)" title="Perfect game (baseball)">Perfect game</a></li>

<li><a href="Pickoff" title="Pickoff">Pickoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitch_count" title="Pitch count">Pitch count</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitching_by_position_players" title="Pitching by position players">Pitching by position players</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitching_position" title="Pitching position">Pitching position</a></li>

<li><a href="Pitchout" title="Pitchout">Pitchout</a></li>

<li><a href="Quick_pitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Quick pitch">Quick pitch</a></li>

<li><a href="Screwball" title="Screwball">Screwball</a></li>

<li><a href="Shutout_(baseball)" title="Shutout (baseball)">Shutout</a></li>

<li><a href="Slider_(pitch)" title="Slider (pitch)">Slider</a></li>

<li><a href="Spitball" title="Spitball">Spitball</a></li>

<li><a href="Strikeout" title="Strikeout">Strikeout</a></li>

<li><a href="Strike_zone" title="Strike zone">Strike zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Striking_out_the_side" title="Striking out the side">Striking out the side</a></li>

<li><a href="Switch_pitcher" title="Switch pitcher">Switch pitcher</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_of_pitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Time of pitch">Time of pitch</a></li>

<li><a href="Wild_pitch" title="Wild pitch">Wild pitch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Base_running" title="Base running">Base running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automatic_runner" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic runner">Automatic runner</a></li>

<li><a href="Bases_loaded" class="mw-redirect" title="Bases loaded">Bases loaded</a></li>

<li><a href="Caught_stealing" title="Caught stealing">Caught stealing</a></li>

<li><a href="Obstruction_(baseball)" title="Obstruction (baseball)">Obstruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinch_runner" title="Pinch runner">Pinch runner</a></li>

<li><a href="Rundown" title="Rundown">Rundown</a></li>

<li><a href="Scoring_position" title="Scoring position">Scoring position</a></li>

<li><a href="Slide_(baseball)" title="Slide (baseball)">Slide</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_ball_(baseball)" title="Small ball (baseball)">Small ball</a></li>

<li><a href="Squeeze_play_(baseball)" title="Squeeze play (baseball)">Squeeze play</a></li>

<li><a href="Stolen_base" title="Stolen base">Stolen base</a></li>

<li><a href="Tie_goes_to_the_runner" title="Tie goes to the runner">Tie goes to the runner</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fielding<br><a href="Baseball_positioning" title="Baseball positioning">(positioning)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Appeal_play" title="Appeal play">Appeal play</a></li>

<li><a href="Assist_(baseball)" title="Assist (baseball)">Assist</a></li>

<li><a href="Blocking_the_plate" title="Blocking the plate">Blocking the plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Catch_(baseball)" title="Catch (baseball)">Catch</a></li>

<li><a href="Caught_stealing" title="Caught stealing">Caught stealing</a></li>

<li><a href="Covering_a_base" title="Covering a base">Covering a base</a></li>

<li><a href="Defensive_indifference" class="mw-redirect" title="Defensive indifference">Defensive indifference</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_play" title="Double play">Double play</a></li>

<li><a href="Fielding_error" title="Fielding error">Error</a></li>

<li><a href="Fielder's_choice" title="Fielder's choice">Fielder's choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth_infielder" title="Fifth infielder">Fifth infielder</a></li>

<li><a href="Force_play" title="Force play">Force play</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_out" title="Fourth out">Fourth out</a></li>

<li><a href="Hidden_ball_trick" title="Hidden ball trick">Hidden ball trick</a></li>

<li><a href="In-between_hop" title="In-between hop">In-between hop</a></li>

<li><a href="Infield_fly_rule" title="Infield fly rule">Infield fly rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Infield_shift" title="Infield shift">Infield shift</a></li>

<li><a href="Interference_(baseball)" title="Interference (baseball)">Interference</a></li>

<li><a href="Neighborhood_play" title="Neighborhood play">Neighborhood play</a></li>

<li><a href="Passed_ball" title="Passed ball">Passed ball</a></li>

<li><a href="Pickoff" title="Pickoff">Pickoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Putout" title="Putout">Putout</a></li>

<li><a href="Rundown" title="Rundown">Rundown</a></li>

<li><a href="Triple_play" title="Triple play">Triple play</a>

<ul><li><a href="Unassisted_triple_play" title="Unassisted triple play">unassisted</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Uncaught_third_strike" title="Uncaught third strike">Uncaught third strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Wall_climb" title="Wall climb">Wall climb</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheel_play" title="Wheel play">Wheel play</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baseball_card" title="Baseball card">Baseball card</a></li>

<li><a href="Baseball_statistics" title="Baseball statistics">Baseball statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Bench_jockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bench jockey">Bench jockey</a></li>

<li><a href="Bench-clearing_brawl" title="Bench-clearing brawl">Bench-clearing brawl</a></li>

<li><a href="Doubleheader_(baseball)" title="Doubleheader (baseball)">Doubleheader</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_baseball_terms" title="Glossary of baseball terms">Jargon</a></li>

<li><a href="Injured_list" title="Injured list">Injured list</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_baseball_films" title="List of baseball films">List of baseball films</a></li>

<li><a href="Pepper_(baseball)" title="Pepper (baseball)">Pepper</a></li>

<li><a href="Baseball_scorekeeping" title="Baseball scorekeeping">Scorekeeping</a></li>

<li><a href="Series_(baseball)" title="Series (baseball)">Series</a></li>

<li><a href="Seventh-inning_stretch" title="Seventh-inning stretch">Seventh-inning stretch</a></li>

<li><a href="Shagging_(baseball)" title="Shagging (baseball)">Shagging</a></li>

<li><a href="Sign_stealing" title="Sign stealing">Sign stealing</a></li>

<li><a href="Slump_(sports)" title="Slump (sports)">Slump</a></li>

<li>Streak

<ul><li><a href="Losing_streak#Baseball" title="Losing streak">losing</a></li>

<li><a href="Winning_streak#Baseball" title="Winning streak">winning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Variations_of_baseball" title="Variations of baseball">Variations of baseball</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</b></li>

<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3ABaseball" title="Portal:Baseball">Portal</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</b></li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baseball_positions136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;"><div id="Baseball_positions136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Baseball_positions" title="Baseball positions">Baseball positions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgrey;;width:1%"><a href="Pitcher" title="Pitcher">Pitchers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">by role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Starting_pitcher" title="Starting pitcher">Starter</a>

<li><a href="Opener_(baseball)" title="Opener (baseball)">Opener</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Relief_pitcher" title="Relief pitcher">Reliever</a>

<ul><li><a href="Middle_reliever" title="Middle reliever">Middle reliever</a></li>

<li><a href="Long_reliever" title="Long reliever">Long reliever</a></li>

<li><a href="Setup_man" title="Setup man">Setup man</a></li>

<li><a href="Closer_(baseball)" title="Closer (baseball)">Closer</a></li>

<li><a href="Left-handed_specialist" title="Left-handed specialist">Left-handed specialist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swingman#Baseball" title="Swingman">Swingman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">by style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Power_pitcher" title="Power pitcher">Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_pitcher" title="Control pitcher">Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground_ball_pitcher" title="Ground ball pitcher">Ground ball</a></li>

<li><a href="Switch_pitcher" title="Switch pitcher">Switch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-right:1.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgrey;;width:1%"><a href="Defense_(sports)" title="Defense (sports)">Defensive<br>players</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">by type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pitcher" title="Pitcher">Pitcher</a></li>

<li><a href="Catcher" title="Catcher">Catcher</a></li>

<li><a href="Infielder" title="Infielder">Infielder</a></li>

<li><a href="Outfielder" title="Outfielder">Outfielder</a></li>

<li><a href="Utility_player_(baseball)" title="Utility player (baseball)">Utility player</a></li>

<li><a href="Position_player" title="Position player">Position player</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">by number</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pitcher" title="Pitcher">Pitcher (1/P)</a></li>

<li><a href="Catcher" title="Catcher">Catcher (2/C)</a></li>

<li><a href="First_baseman" title="First baseman">First baseman (3/1B)</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_baseman" title="Second baseman">Second baseman (4/2B)</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_baseman" title="Third baseman">Third baseman (5/3B)</a></li>

<li><a href="Shortstop" title="Shortstop">Shortstop (6/SS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Left_fielder" title="Left fielder">Left fielder (7/LF)</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_fielder" title="Center fielder">Center fielder (8/CF)</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_fielder" title="Right fielder">Right fielder (9/RF)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgrey;;width:1%"><a href="Offense_(sports)" title="Offense (sports)">Offensive<br>players</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">by role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Batting_(baseball)" title="Batting (baseball)">Batter</a></li>

<li><a href="Base_running" title="Base running">Runner</a></li>

<li><a href="Batting_order_(baseball)" title="Batting order (baseball)">Batting order (1–9)</a></li>

<li><a href="Designated_hitter" title="Designated hitter">Designated hitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinch_hitter" title="Pinch hitter">Pinch hitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinch_runner" title="Pinch runner">Pinch runner</a></li>

<li><a href="Leadoff_hitter" title="Leadoff hitter">Leadoff hitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Cleanup_hitter" title="Cleanup hitter">Cleanup hitter</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Clutch_hitter" title="Clutch hitter">Clutch hitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Contact_hitter" title="Contact hitter">Contact hitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_hitter" title="Power hitter">Power hitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Switch_hitter" title="Switch hitter">Switch hitter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgrey;;width:1%">Non-players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">team roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Manager_(baseball)" title="Manager (baseball)">Manager</a></li>

<li><a href="Coach_(baseball)" title="Coach (baseball)">Coaches</a></li>

<li><a href="Bullpen_catcher" title="Bullpen catcher">Bullpen catcher</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="President_of_baseball_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="President of baseball operations">President of baseball operations</a></li>

<li><a href="General_manager_(baseball)" title="General manager (baseball)">General manager</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;background:lightgrey;font-weight:normal; padding-left:0.2em;">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Umpire_(baseball)" title="Umpire (baseball)">Umpire</a></li>

<li><a href="Official_scorer" title="Official scorer">Official scorer</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgrey;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Captain_(baseball)" title="Captain (baseball)">Captain</a></li>

<li><a href="Battery_(baseball)" title="Battery (baseball)">Battery</a></li>

<li><a href="Injured_list" title="Injured list">Injured list</a></li>

<li><a href="Phantom_ballplayer" title="Phantom ballplayer">Phantom ballplayer</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_football_strategy359" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="American_football_strategy359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="American_football_strategy" title="American football strategy">American football strategy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="One-platoon_system" title="One-platoon system">One-platoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-platoon_system" title="Two-platoon system">Two-platoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Play_calling_system" title="Play calling system">Play calling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offensive <a href="American_football_plays" title="American football plays">strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Air_Coryell" title="Air Coryell">Air Coryell</a></li>

<li><a href="Buck-lateral_series" title="Buck-lateral series">Buck-lateral</a></li>

<li><a href="Hurry-up_offense" title="Hurry-up offense">Hurry-up</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiple_offense" title="Multiple offense">Multiple</a></li>

<li><a href="Option_offense" title="Option offense">Option</a>

<ul><li><a href="Run-pass_option" title="Run-pass option">Run-pass option</a></li>

<li><a href="Triple_option" title="Triple option">Triple option</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pro-style_offense" title="Pro-style offense">Pro-style</a></li>

<li><a href="Run_and_shoot_offense" title="Run and shoot offense">Run and shoot</a></li>

<li><a href="Smashmouth_offense" title="Smashmouth offense">Smashmouth</a></li>

<li><a href="Spread_offense" title="Spread offense">Spread</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Coast_offense" title="West Coast offense">West Coast</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Route_(gridiron_football)" title="Route (gridiron football)">Routes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chair_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair route">Chair</a></li>

<li><a href="Corner_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Corner route">Corner</a></li>

<li><a href="Crossing_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossing route">Crossing</a></li>

<li><a href="Screen_pass" title="Screen pass">Screen</a></li>

<li><a href="Slant_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Slant route">Slant</a></li>

<li><a href="Sluggo_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Sluggo route">Sluggo</a></li>

<li><a href="Swing_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing route">Swing</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheel_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheel route">Wheel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Trick_play" title="Trick play">Trick plays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Play-action_pass" title="Play-action pass">Play-action pass</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_pass" title="Double pass">Double pass</a></li>

<li><a href="End-around" title="End-around">End-around</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_(American_football)" title="Reverse (American football)">Reverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinner_play" title="Spinner play">Spinner</a></li>

<li><a href="Fake_field_goal" title="Fake field goal">Fake field goal</a></li>

<li><a href="Fake_spike" title="Fake spike">Fake spike</a></li>

<li><a href="Fake_procedure" title="Fake procedure">Fake procedure</a></li>

<li><a href="Flea_flicker" title="Flea flicker">Flea flicker</a></li>

<li><a href="Fumblerooski" title="Fumblerooski">Fumblerooski</a></li>

<li><a href="Hidden_ball_trick" title="Hidden ball trick">Hidden ball</a></li>

<li><a href="Hook_and_ladder_(football)" title="Hook and ladder (football)">Hook and lateral</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Liberty_play" title="Statue of Liberty play">Statue of Liberty</a></li>

<li><a href="Halfback_option_play" title="Halfback option play">Halfback option</a></li>

<li><a href="Hard_count_(gridiron_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard count (gridiron football)">Hard count</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyramid_Play" title="Pyramid Play">Pyramid</a></li>

<li><a href="Swinging_gate_(American_football)" title="Swinging gate (American football)">Swinging gate</a></li>

<li><a href="Tackle-eligible_play" title="Tackle-eligible play">Tackle-eligible</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clock_management" title="Clock management">Clock management</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defensive strategy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Tampa_2" title="Tampa 2">Tampa 2</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Double_coverage" title="Double coverage">Double</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Icing_the_kicker" title="Icing the kicker">Icing the kicker</a></li>

<li><a href="Stunt_(gridiron_football)" title="Stunt (gridiron football)">Stunt</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Formation_(American_football)#Offense" title="Formation (American football)">Offensive formations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Split-T" title="Split-T">Split-T</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-wing_formation" title="Single-wing formation">Single-wing</a></li>

<li><a href="Short_punt_formation" title="Short punt formation">Short punt</a></li>

<li><a href="Shotgun_formation" title="Shotgun formation">Shotgun</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_set_back" title="Single set back">Single set back</a></li>

<li><a href="Wishbone_formation" title="Wishbone formation">Wishbone</a></li>

<li><a href="Flexbone_formation" title="Flexbone formation">Flexbone</a></li>

<li><a href="Pistol_offense" title="Pistol offense">Pistol</a></li>

<li><a href="Pistol-Flex_formation" title="Pistol-Flex formation">Pistol-Flex</a></li>

<li><a href="Trips_formation" title="Trips formation">Trips</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildcat_formation" title="Wildcat formation">Wildcat</a></li>

<li><a href="Jump_shift" title="Jump shift">Jump shift</a></li>

<li><a href="Minnesota_shift" title="Minnesota shift">Minnesota shift</a></li>

<li><a href="Notre_Dame_Box" title="Notre Dame Box">Notre Dame Box</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Formation_(American_football)#Defense" title="Formation (American football)">Defensive formations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Two-level_defense" title="Two-level defense">2-level</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Miami_4%E2%80%933_defense" title="Miami 4–3 defense">Miami 4–3</a></li>

<li><a href="Seattle_Cover_3_defense" title="Seattle Cover 3 defense">Seattle Cover 3</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nickel_defense" title="Nickel defense">Nickel</a></li>

<li><a href="Prevent_defense" title="Prevent defense">Prevent</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Complementary_football" title="Complementary football">Complementary football</a></li>

<li><a href="Resting_the_starters" title="Resting the starters">Resting the starters</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gridiron_football_concepts228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Gridiron_football_concepts228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron football</a> concepts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_football" title="American football">American</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_American_football_terms" title="Glossary of American football terms">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="Early_history_of_American_football" title="Early history of American football">Early</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_history_of_American_football" title="Modern history of American football">Modern</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_football_rules" title="American football rules">Rules</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_American_and_Canadian_football" title="Comparison of American and Canadian football">American–Canadian comparison</a></li>

<li><a href="Burnside_rules" title="Burnside rules">Burnside rules</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_Canadian_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of Canadian football">Glossary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">Touch</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_football_(American)" title="Street football (American)">Street/Backyard</a></li>

<li><a href="Powderpuff_(sports)" title="Powderpuff (sports)">Powderpuff</a></li>

<li><a href="Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">Wheelchair</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_gridiron_football_rules" title="List of gridiron football rules">Rules of gridiron football codes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels of play</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Youth

<ul><li><a href="Pop_Warner_Little_Scholars" title="Pop Warner Little Scholars">Pop Warner</a></li>

<li><a href="High_school_football" title="High school football">High school</a></li>

<li><a href="College_football" title="College football">College</a>

<li><a href="Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">Sprint</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Professional_gridiron_football" title="Professional gridiron football">Professional</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's American football">Women's</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">International</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="American_football_field" title="American football field">Field</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Yard_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Yard lines">Yard lines</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hash_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hash marks">Hash marks</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidelines">Sidelines</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Line_of_scrimmage" title="Line of scrimmage">Line of scrimmage</a></li>

<li><a href="Field_goal_range" title="Field goal range">Field goal range</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Neutral_zone_(gridiron_football)" title="Neutral zone (gridiron football)">Neutral zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Coffin_corner_(American_football)" title="Coffin corner (American football)">Coffin corner</a></li>

<li><a href="Passing_pocket" title="Passing pocket">Pocket</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scoring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Touchdown" title="Touchdown">Touchdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Conversion_(gridiron_football)" title="Conversion (gridiron football)">One-point conversion</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-point_conversion" title="Two-point conversion">Two-point conversion</a></li>

<li><a href="Field_goal" title="Field goal">Field goal</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_(gridiron_football_score)" title="Safety (gridiron football score)">Safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_(football)" title="Single (football)">Single (rouge)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ball handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">Forward pass</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_pass" title="Lateral pass">Lateral</a></li>

<li><a href="Incomplete_pass" title="Incomplete pass">Incomplete pass</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Touchback" title="Touchback">Touchback</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kickoff_(gridiron_football)" title="Kickoff (gridiron football)">Kickoff</a>

<ul><li><a href="Onside_kick" title="Onside kick">Onside kick</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Turnover_(gridiron_football)" title="Turnover (gridiron football)">Turnovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fumble" title="Fumble">Fumble</a></li>

<li><a href="Interception" title="Interception">Interception</a></li>

<li><a href="Muffed_punt" title="Muffed punt">Muffed punt</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Tillman" title="Charles Tillman">"Peanut Punch"</a></li>

<li><a href="Turnover_on_downs" title="Turnover on downs">Turnover on downs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">Downs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Down_(gridiron_football)" title="Down (gridiron football)">First down</a></li>

<li><a href="Down_(gridiron_football)#Three-and-out" title="Down (gridiron football)">Three-and-out</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_down_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth down conversion">Fourth down conversion</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Play_clock" title="Play clock">Play clock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Time-out_(sport)#American_and_Canadian_football" title="Time-out (sport)">Timeout</a></li>

<li><a href="Quarterback_kneel" title="Quarterback kneel">Kneel</a></li>

<li><a href="Spike_(gridiron_football)" title="Spike (gridiron football)">Spike</a></li>

<li>Time warnings

<li><a href="Clock_management" title="Clock management">Clock management</a></li>

<li><a href="Running_out_the_clock" title="Running out the clock">Running out the clock</a></li>

<li><a href="Untimed_play" title="Untimed play">Untimed play</a></li>

<li><a href="Garbage_time" title="Garbage time">Garbage time</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="All-purpose_yardage" title="All-purpose yardage">All-purpose yardage</a></li>

<li><a href="Carry_(gridiron_football)" title="Carry (gridiron football)">Carry</a></li>

<li><a href="Completion_(American_football)" title="Completion (American football)">Completion</a></li>

<li><a href="Next_Gen_Stats" title="Next Gen Stats">Next Gen Stats</a></li>

<li><a href="Pass_deflected" title="Pass deflected">Pass deflected</a></li>

<li><a href="Passer_rating" title="Passer rating">Passer rating</a></li>

<li><a href="Passing_yards" class="mw-redirect" title="Passing yards">Passing yards</a></li>

<li><a href="Reception_(gridiron_football)" title="Reception (gridiron football)">Receiving yards</a></li>

<li><a href="Reception_(gridiron_football)" title="Reception (gridiron football)">Reception</a></li>

<li><a href="Return_yards" title="Return yards">Return yards</a></li>

<li><a href="Carry_(gridiron_football)" title="Carry (gridiron football)">Rushing yards</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_offense" title="Total offense">Total offense</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_quarterback_rating" title="Total quarterback rating">Total quarterback rating</a></li>

<li><a href="Touchdown_pass" title="Touchdown pass">Touchdown pass</a></li>

<li><a href="Yards_after_catch" title="Yards after catch">Yards after catch</a></li>

<li><a href="Yards_from_scrimmage" title="Yards from scrimmage">Yards from scrimmage</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Practice_squad" title="Practice squad">Practice squad</a></li>

<li><a href="Oklahoma_drill" title="Oklahoma drill">Oklahoma drill</a></li>

<li><a href="Three-cone_drill" title="Three-cone drill">Three-cone drill</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_session" title="Film session">Film session</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officiating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Official_(gridiron_football)" title="Official (gridiron football)">Official</a> (<a href="Official_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Official (American football)">American</a>, <a href="Official_(Canadian_football)" title="Official (Canadian football)">Canadian</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Chain_crew" title="Chain crew">Chain crew</a></li>

<li><a href="Penalty_(gridiron_football)" title="Penalty (gridiron football)">Penalty</a></li>

<li><a href="Penalty_flag" title="Penalty flag">Penalty flag</a></li>

<li><a href="Replay_review_in_gridiron_football" title="Replay review in gridiron football">Instant replay</a></li></ul>

<li><a href="Blocking_(American_football)" title="Blocking (American football)">Blocking</a></li>

<li><a href="Coaching_tree" title="Coaching tree">Coaching tree</a></li>

<li><a href="Concussions_in_American_football" title="Concussions in American football">Concussions</a></li>

<li><a href="Protective_equipment_in_gridiron_football" title="Protective equipment in gridiron football">Equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Football_IQ" title="Football IQ">Football IQ</a></li>

<li><a href="Formation_(American_football)" title="Formation (American football)">Formations</a>

<li><a href="Gatorade_shower" title="Gatorade shower">Gatorade shower</a></li>

<li><a href="Overtime_(sports)#American_and_Canadian_football" title="Overtime (sports)">Overtime</a></li>

<li><a href="American_football_plays" title="American football plays">Plays</a></li>

<li><a href="American_football_positions" title="American football positions">Positions</a></li>

<li><a href="Running_up_the_score" title="Running up the score">Running up the score</a></li>

<li><a href="American_football_strategy" title="American football strategy">Strategy</a></li>

<li><a href="Touchdown_celebration" title="Touchdown celebration">Touchdown celebration</a></li>

<li><a href="American_football_card" title="American football card">Trading card</a></li>

<li><a href="12th_man_(football)" title="12th man (football)">Twelfth man</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-02" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Platoon_system&oldid=1288437136">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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